Motivation and Emotion
- Motivation
- A need or desire that energizes and directs behavior
- Instinct Theory: We are motivated by our inborn automated behaviors
- Instincts only explain why we do a small fraction of our behaviors
- Drive-Reduction Theory: The idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need
- The need is usually to maintain homeostasis
- Pulled by our incentives (Positive or Negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior)
- Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs- Abraham Maslow said we are motivated by needs and all needs are not created equal. We are driven to satisfy the lower needs first.
- Hunger
- Hunger is both physiological and psychological
- Hunger does not come from our stomach
- Comes from our brain- The Hypothalamus
- Hypothalamus
- Lateral Hypothalamus
- When stimulated it makes you hungry
- When lesioned (destroyed) you will never feel hungry again
- Ventromedial Hypothalamus
- When stimulated you feel full
- When lesioned (destroyed) you will never feel full again
- How does it work?
- Leptin
- Leptin is a protein produced by bloated fat cells
- Hypothalamus senses rises in leptin and will curb eating and increase activity
- Set Point
- Hypothalamus acts like a thermostat
- We are meant to be in a certain weight change
- When we feel below weight our body will increase hunger and decrease energy expenditure (Basic Metabolic Rate)
- Body Chemistry
- Glucose; the hormone insulin converts glucose to fat
- When glucose levels drop, hunger increases
- Psychology of Hunger
- Externals: People whose eating is triggered more by the presence of food than internal factors
- Eating Disorders
- Bulimia Nervosa:
- Characterized by binging (eating large amounts of food) and purging (getting rid of food)
- Anorexia Nervosa:
- Starve themselves to below 85% of their normal body weight
- See themselves as fat
- Vast majority are women
- Obesity:
- Severely overweight to the point where it causes health issues
- Mostly eating habits but some people are predisposed toward obesity
- Achievement Motivation
- Intrinsic Motivators: Rewards we get internally, such as enjoyment/satisfaction
- Extrinsic Motivators: Rewards that we get for accomplishments outside of ourselves (Good Grades -> Money)
- Management Theory
- Theory X:
- Manager believes that employees will work only if rewarded with benefits or threatened with punishment
- Think employees are Extrinsically Motivated
- Only interested in Maslow’s lower needs
- Theory Y:
- Managers believe that employees are internally motivated to do good work and policies should encourage this internal motive
- Interested in Maslow’s higher needs
- James-Lange Theory of Emotion
- Experience of emotion is awareness of physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli
- We feel emotion because of biological changes caused by stress
- The body changes and our mind recognizes the feeling
- Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion
- Emotion-arousing stimuli simultaneously trigger:
- Physiological Responses
- Subjective experience of emotion
- (Both happen at the same time, not one after the other)
- Schachter’s Two-Factor Theory of Emotion
- To experience emotion one must:
- Be physically aroused
- Cognitively label the arousal
- Biology and Cognition interact with each other to increase the experience
- (Adds that you must label and express your fear to Cannon-Bard’s theory)
- Emotion-Lie Detectors
- Polygraph
- Machine commonly used in attempts to detect lies
- Measures several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion
- Perspiration
- Cardiovascular
- Breathing Changes
- Experienced Emotion
- Catharsis
- Emotional Release
- Catharsis Hypothesis
- “Releasing” aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges
- Feel-good, do-good phenomenon
- People’s tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood
- You feel good, and bestow it on other people
- Adaptation-Level Phenomenon
- Tendency to form judgements relative to a “neutral” level
- Brightness of lights
- Volume of sound
- Level of income
- Defined by our prior experience
- Relative Deprivation
- Perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself
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